认知偏见是人类在处理信息和环境中使用的精神捷径，这会导致偏见的行动和行为（或行动），对自己不知所措。偏见采取了多种形式，认知偏见占据了核心作用，造成公平，问责制，透明，道德，法律，医学和歧视。偏见的检测被认为是朝着缓解措施的必要步骤。在此，我们专注于两个认知偏见 - 锚定和新近度。计算机科学中认知偏见的识别在很大程度上是在信息检索的领域中，并且在注释数据的帮助下在总级别上确定了偏差。提出了不同的偏见检测方向，我们提供了一种原则性的方法，以及机器学习以从用户操作的Web日志中检测这两个认知偏见。我们的个人用户级别检测使其真正个性化，并且不依赖注释的数据。取而代之的是，我们从认知心理学中建立的两个基本原理开始，使用注意力网络的修改培训，并根据这些原则以新颖的方式解释注意力权重，以推断和区分这两种偏见。个性化方法允许对特定用户进行检测，这些用户在执行任务时容易受到这些偏见的影响，并且可以帮助他们之间建立意识以进行偏见缓解。

产量估计是葡萄园管理中的强大工具，因为它允许种植者微调实践以优化产量和质量。但是，目前使用手动抽样进行估计，这是耗时和不精确的。这项研究表明，近端成像的应用与深度学习相结合，以进行葡萄园中的产量估计。使用车辆安装的传感套件进行连续数据收集，并使用商业收益率监控器在收获时结合了地面真实收益数据的收集，可以生成一个23,581个收益点和107,933张图像的大数据集。此外，这项研究是在机械管理的商业葡萄园中进行的，代表了一个充满挑战的图像分析环境，但在加利福尼亚中央山谷中的一组常见条件。测试了三个模型架构：对象检测，CNN回归和变压器模型。对象检测模型在手工标记的图像上进行了训练以定位葡萄束，并将束数量或像素区域求和以与葡萄产量相关。相反，回归模型端到端训练，以预测图像数据中的葡萄产量，而无需手动标记。结果表明，在代表性的保留数据集上，具有相当的绝对百分比误差为18％和18.5％的变压器和具有像素区域处理的对象检测模型。使用显着映射来证明CNN模型的注意力位于葡萄束的预测位置附近以及葡萄树冠的顶部。总体而言，该研究表明，近端成像和深度学习对于大规模预测葡萄群的适用性。此外，端到端建模方法能够与对象检测方法相当地执行，同时消除了手工标记的需求。

Three main points: 1. Data Science (DS) will be increasingly important to heliophysics; 2. Methods of heliophysics science discovery will continually evolve, requiring the use of learning technologies [e.g., machine learning (ML)] that are applied rigorously and that are capable of supporting discovery; and 3. To grow with the pace of data, technology, and workforce changes, heliophysics requires a new approach to the representation of knowledge.

In the Earth's magnetosphere, there are fewer than a dozen dedicated probes beyond low-Earth orbit making in-situ observations at any given time. As a result, we poorly understand its global structure and evolution, the mechanisms of its main activity processes, magnetic storms, and substorms. New Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, including machine learning, data mining, and data assimilation, as well as new AI-enabled missions will need to be developed to meet this Sparse Data challenge.

Dataset scaling, also known as normalization, is an essential preprocessing step in a machine learning pipeline. It is aimed at adjusting attributes scales in a way that they all vary within the same range. This transformation is known to improve the performance of classification models, but there are several scaling techniques to choose from, and this choice is not generally done carefully. In this paper, we execute a broad experiment comparing the impact of 5 scaling techniques on the performances of 20 classification algorithms among monolithic and ensemble models, applying them to 82 publicly available datasets with varying imbalance ratios. Results show that the choice of scaling technique matters for classification performance, and the performance difference between the best and the worst scaling technique is relevant and statistically significant in most cases. They also indicate that choosing an inadequate technique can be more detrimental to classification performance than not scaling the data at all. We also show how the performance variation of an ensemble model, considering different scaling techniques, tends to be dictated by that of its base model. Finally, we discuss the relationship between a model's sensitivity to the choice of scaling technique and its performance and provide insights into its applicability on different model deployment scenarios. Full results and source code for the experiments in this paper are available in a GitHub repository.\footnote{https://github.com/amorimlb/scaling\_matters}

The availability of frequent and cost-free satellite images is in growing demand in the research world. Such satellite constellations as Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 provide a massive amount of valuable data daily. However, the discrepancy in the sensors' characteristics of these satellites makes it senseless to use a segmentation model trained on either dataset and applied to another, which is why domain adaptation techniques have recently become an active research area in remote sensing. In this paper, an experiment of domain adaptation through style-transferring is conducted using the HRSemI2I model to narrow the sensor discrepancy between Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2. This paper's main contribution is analyzing the expediency of that approach by comparing the results of segmentation using domain-adapted images with those without adaptation. The HRSemI2I model, adjusted to work with 6-band imagery, shows significant intersection-over-union performance improvement for both mean and per class metrics. A second contribution is providing different schemes of generalization between two label schemes - NALCMS 2015 and CORINE. The first scheme is standardization through higher-level land cover classes, and the second is through harmonization validation in the field.

We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.

The promise of Mobile Health (mHealth) is the ability to use wearable sensors to monitor participant physiology at high frequencies during daily life to enable temporally-precise health interventions. However, a major challenge is frequent missing data. Despite a rich imputation literature, existing techniques are ineffective for the pulsative signals which comprise many mHealth applications, and a lack of available datasets has stymied progress. We address this gap with PulseImpute, the first large-scale pulsative signal imputation challenge which includes realistic mHealth missingness models, an extensive set of baselines, and clinically-relevant downstream tasks. Our baseline models include a novel transformer-based architecture designed to exploit the structure of pulsative signals. We hope that PulseImpute will enable the ML community to tackle this significant and challenging task.

The application of combinatorial optimization problems to solving the problems of planning processes for industries based on a fund of reconfigurable production resources is considered. The results of their solution by mixed integer programming methods are presented.

For conceptual design, engineers rely on conventional iterative (often manual) techniques. Emerging parametric models facilitate design space exploration based on quantifiable performance metrics, yet remain time-consuming and computationally expensive. Pure optimisation methods, however, ignore qualitative aspects (e.g. aesthetics or construction methods). This paper provides a performance-driven design exploration framework to augment the human designer through a Conditional Variational Autoencoder (CVAE), which serves as forward performance predictor for given design features as well as an inverse design feature predictor conditioned on a set of performance requests. The CVAE is trained on 18'000 synthetically generated instances of a pedestrian bridge in Switzerland. Sensitivity analysis is employed for explainability and informing designers about (i) relations of the model between features and/or performances and (ii) structural improvements under user-defined objectives. A case study proved our framework's potential to serve as a future co-pilot for conceptual design studies of pedestrian bridges and beyond.